fix(c++): replace deprecated std::aligned_storage

[RisinT96]

Why?

std::aligned_storage is marked as deprecated in C++23, as can be seen in the following compilation warning:

<project>/build/_deps/fory-src/cpp/fory/util/result.h:325:21: warning: ‘template<long unsigned int _Len, long unsigned int _Align> struct std::aligned_storage’ is deprecated [-Wdeprecated-declarations]
   325 |       typename std::aligned_storage<sizeof(E), alignof(E)>::type;
       |                     ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 In file included from /usr/include/c++/13/bits/move.h:37,
                  from /usr/include/c++/13/bits/atomic_base.h:39,
                  from /usr/include/c++/13/atomic:41,
                  from <project source file>:
 /usr/include/c++/13/type_traits:2099:5: note: declared here
  2099 |     aligned_storage

What does this PR do?

Replaces std::aligned_storage with a std::byte array enclosed in an aligned struct.

• std::byte is available since C++17 - the minimum supported version by fory.
• alignas is available since C++11

This change shouldn't break anything.

AI Contribution Checklist

• Substantial AI assistance was used in this PR: no

Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

• Does this PR introduce any public API change?
• Does this PR introduce any binary protocol compatibility change?