sorts: make quick_sort work with any Comparable, not just int

[Pradhyut21]

Use a Comparable Protocol + TypeVar bound so that quick_sort correctly expresses it can sort any orderable type, not just integers. Simplifies partitioning to cleaner lesser/equal/greater lists and adds string + float doctest examples.

Part of #15234

Describe your change

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist

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• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
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[algorithms-keeper]

Closing this pull request as invalid

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