diff --git a/.rubocop_todo.yml b/.rubocop_todo.yml
index 88d42d269..b026f6180 100644
--- a/.rubocop_todo.yml
+++ b/.rubocop_todo.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # This configuration was generated by
 # `rubocop --auto-gen-config --auto-gen-only-exclude --no-exclude-limit`
-# on 2026-07-28 16:48:26 UTC using RuboCop version 1.88.2.
+# on 2026-07-30 08:58:12 UTC using RuboCop version 1.88.2.
 # The point is for the user to remove these configuration records
 # one by one as the offenses are removed from the code base.
 # Note that changes in the inspected code, or installation of new
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ Capybara/RSpec/VisibilityMatcher:
   Exclude:
     - 'spec/components/chapters_sidebar_component_spec.rb'
 
-
 # Offense count: 2
 # This cop supports unsafe autocorrection (--autocorrect-all).
 # Configuration parameters: AllowSafeAssignment.
@@ -52,13 +51,6 @@ Lint/UnderscorePrefixedVariableName:
   Exclude:
     - 'spec/models/group_spec.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 5
-# This cop supports unsafe autocorrection (--autocorrect-all).
-Lint/UselessTimes:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'spec/models/event_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/models/workshop_spec.rb'
-
 # Offense count: 32
 # Configuration parameters: AllowedMethods, AllowedPatterns, CountRepeatedAttributes, Max.
 Metrics/AbcSize:
@@ -102,7 +94,7 @@ Metrics/ClassLength:
     - 'lib/omniauth/strategies/codebar.rb'
     - 'lib/tasks/setup.rake'
 
-# Offense count: 9
+# Offense count: 8
 # Configuration parameters: AllowedMethods, AllowedPatterns, Max.
 Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity:
   Exclude:
@@ -110,7 +102,6 @@ Metrics/CyclomaticComplexity:
     - 'app/controllers/auth_services_controller.rb'
     - 'app/controllers/invitations_controller.rb'
     - 'app/controllers/workshop_invitation_controller.rb'
-    - 'app/presenters/how_you_found_us_presenter.rb'
     - 'app/services/invitation_manager.rb'
     - 'lib/flodesk.rb'
     - 'lib/omniauth/strategies/codebar.rb'
@@ -164,7 +155,6 @@ Naming/AccessorMethodName:
     - 'app/controllers/admin/workshops_controller.rb'
     - 'app/controllers/feedback_controller.rb'
 
-
 # Offense count: 1
 # Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle, AllowedPatterns, ForbiddenIdentifiers, ForbiddenPatterns.
 # SupportedStyles: snake_case, camelCase
@@ -189,45 +179,18 @@ Naming/PredicatePrefix:
     - 'app/policies/event_policy.rb'
     - 'app/policies/workshop_policy.rb'
 
-
-
 # Offense count: 2
 RSpec/AnyInstance:
   Exclude:
     - 'spec/controllers/member/details_controller_spec.rb'
     - 'spec/support/helpers/login_helpers.rb'
 
-
 # Offense count: 1
 # Configuration parameters: Max, CountAsOne.
 RSpec/ExampleLength:
   Exclude:
     - 'spec/features/admin/event_spec.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 68
-# Configuration parameters: EnforcedStyle.
-# SupportedStyles: have_received, receive
-RSpec/MessageSpies:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'spec/controllers/admin/members_controller_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/controllers/payments_controller_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/features/admin/workshops_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/helpers/email_header_helper_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/feedback_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/mailing_list_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/reminders_meeting_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/reminders_workshop_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/meeting_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/member_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/sponsor_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/virtual_workshop_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/workshop_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/services/invitation_manager_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_an_invitation.rb'
-    - 'spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_sending_workshop_emails.rb'
-
 # Offense count: 3
 # Configuration parameters: Max.
 RSpec/MultipleExpectations:
@@ -236,34 +199,6 @@ RSpec/MultipleExpectations:
     - 'spec/features/admin/sponsor_spec.rb'
     - 'spec/lib/omniauth/strategies/codebar_spec.rb'
 
-# Offense count: 19
-RSpec/StubbedMock:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'spec/controllers/admin/members_controller_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/controllers/payments_controller_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/features/admin/workshops_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/feedback_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/mailing_list_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/reminders_meeting_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/tasks/reminders_workshop_rake_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/meeting_presenter_spec.rb'
-
-# Offense count: 38
-# Configuration parameters: IgnoreNameless, IgnoreSymbolicNames.
-RSpec/VerifiedDoubles:
-  Exclude:
-    - 'spec/controllers/admin/member_search_controller_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/policies/application_policy_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/event_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/virtual_workshop_presenter_spec.rb'
-    - 'spec/presenters/workshop_presenter_spec.rb'
-
-
-
 # Offense count: 5
 Rails/HasAndBelongsToMany:
   Exclude:
@@ -291,7 +226,6 @@ Rails/HelperInstanceVariable:
   Exclude:
     - 'app/helpers/email_helper.rb'
 
-
 # Offense count: 2
 # Configuration parameters: IgnoreScopes.
 Rails/InverseOf:
@@ -321,7 +255,6 @@ Rails/SkipsModelValidations:
     - 'app/controllers/workshop_invitation_controller.rb'
     - 'app/services/invitation_logger.rb'
 
-
 # Offense count: 8
 Rails/UniqueValidationWithoutIndex:
   Exclude:
@@ -332,12 +265,3 @@ Rails/UniqueValidationWithoutIndex:
     - 'app/models/meeting_invitation.rb'
     - 'app/models/workshop_invitation.rb'
     - 'app/models/workshop_sponsor.rb'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/spec/controllers/admin/member_search_controller_spec.rb b/spec/controllers/admin/member_search_controller_spec.rb
index 6ac69abc8..07faa90f9 100644
--- a/spec/controllers/admin/member_search_controller_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/controllers/admin/member_search_controller_spec.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
       end
 
       context 'when an admin user searches and there are multiple results' do
-      let(:fake_romeo) { double('Member', id: 2, name: 'Romeo', surname: 'Capulet') }
+      let(:fake_romeo) { instance_double(Member, id: 2, name: 'Romeo', surname: 'Capulet') }
 
       before do
         allow(Member).to receive(:find_members_by_name).with('e').and_return(fake_relation)
diff --git a/spec/controllers/admin/members_controller_spec.rb b/spec/controllers/admin/members_controller_spec.rb
index 715ded2e8..05e96c118 100644
--- a/spec/controllers/admin/members_controller_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/controllers/admin/members_controller_spec.rb
@@ -85,11 +85,14 @@
 
     it 'sends an attendance warning email' do
       mailer = double(deliver_now: true)
-      expect(MemberMailer).to receive(:attendance_warning)
+      allow(MemberMailer).to receive(:attendance_warning)
         .with(member, member.email)
         .and_return(mailer)
 
       get :send_attendance_email, params: { member_id: member.id }
+
+      expect(MemberMailer).to have_received(:attendance_warning)
+        .with(member, member.email)
     end
 
     it 'redirects to the member page' do
@@ -126,11 +129,14 @@
 
     it 'sends an eligibility check email' do
       mailer = double(deliver_now: true)
-      expect(MemberMailer).to receive(:eligibility_check)
+      allow(MemberMailer).to receive(:eligibility_check)
         .with(member, member.email)
         .and_return(mailer)
 
       get :send_eligibility_email, params: { member_id: member.id }
+
+      expect(MemberMailer).to have_received(:eligibility_check)
+        .with(member, member.email)
     end
 
     it 'redirects to the member page' do
diff --git a/spec/controllers/payments_controller_spec.rb b/spec/controllers/payments_controller_spec.rb
index 6950159a0..026f75492 100644
--- a/spec/controllers/payments_controller_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/controllers/payments_controller_spec.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   describe 'POST #create' do
     context 'with valid parameters' do
       it 'creates a Stripe customer and charge' do
-        expect(Stripe::Customer).to receive(:create).with(
+        allow(Stripe::Customer).to receive(:create).with(
           email: 'john@example.com',
           description: 'John Doe',
           source: 'tok_123'
@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@
           }
         }
         expect(response).to be_successful
+        expect(Stripe::Customer).to have_received(:create).with(
+          email: 'john@example.com',
+          description: 'John Doe',
+          source: 'tok_123'
+        )
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/spec/features/admin/workshops_spec.rb b/spec/features/admin/workshops_spec.rb
index e656f6a60..df7eac7a2 100644
--- a/spec/features/admin/workshops_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/features/admin/workshops_spec.rb
@@ -183,21 +183,23 @@
     context 'when sending invitations to attendees' do
       scenario 'for a workshop' do
         workshop = Fabricate(:workshop)
-        expect(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(double.as_null_object)
+        allow(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(double.as_null_object)
 
         visit admin_workshop_send_invites_path(workshop)
         click_on 'Students'
 
+        expect(InvitationManager).to have_received(:new)
         expect(page).to have_text('Invitations to students are being emailed out')
       end
 
       scenario 'for a virtual workshop' do
         workshop = Fabricate(:virtual_workshop)
-        expect(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(double.as_null_object)
+        allow(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(double.as_null_object)
 
         visit admin_workshop_send_invites_path(workshop)
         click_on 'Students'
 
+        expect(InvitationManager).to have_received(:new)
         expect(page).to have_text('Invitations to students are being emailed out')
       end
     end
diff --git a/spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb b/spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb
index 23a84c4e0..62c1648aa 100644
--- a/spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/features/subscribing_to_newsletter_spec.rb
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
   context 'when a new member' do
     scenario 'is subscribed to the newsletter by default' do
-      mailing_list = double(:mailing_list)
-      expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
-      expect(mailing_list).to receive(:subscribe).with('jane@codebar.io', 'Jane', 'Doe')
+      mailing_list = instance_double(Services::MailingList)
+      allow(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
+      allow(mailing_list).to receive(:subscribe).with('jane@codebar.io', 'Jane', 'Doe')
 
       visit new_member_path
       click_on 'Join us as a coach'
@@ -30,12 +30,14 @@
       find_by_id('member_how_you_found_us_from_a_friend').click
 
       click_on 'Next'
+
+      expect(mailing_list).to have_received(:subscribe).with('jane@codebar.io', 'Jane', 'Doe')
     end
 
     scenario 'can opt out of the newsletter' do
-      mailing_list = double(:mailing_list)
-      expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
-      expect(mailing_list).to receive(:unsubscribe).with('jane@codebar.io')
+      mailing_list = instance_double(Services::MailingList)
+      allow(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
+      allow(mailing_list).to receive(:unsubscribe).with('jane@codebar.io')
 
       visit new_member_path
       click_on 'Join us as a coach'
@@ -53,6 +55,8 @@
       uncheck 'newsletter'
 
       click_on 'Next'
+
+      expect(mailing_list).to have_received(:unsubscribe).with('jane@codebar.io')
     end
   end
 
@@ -62,13 +66,14 @@
 
       login member
 
-      mailing_list = double(:mailing_list)
-      expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
-      expect(mailing_list).to receive(:subscribe)
+      mailing_list = instance_double(Services::MailingList)
+      allow(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
+      allow(mailing_list).to receive(:subscribe)
 
       visit subscriptions_path
       click_on 'Subscribe to newsletter'
 
+      expect(mailing_list).to have_received(:subscribe)
       expect(page).to have_text('You have subscribed to codebar\'s newsletter')
     end
 
@@ -77,13 +82,14 @@
 
       login member
 
-      mailing_list = double(:mailing_list)
-      expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
-      expect(mailing_list).to receive(:unsubscribe)
+      mailing_list = instance_double(Services::MailingList)
+      allow(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
+      allow(mailing_list).to receive(:unsubscribe)
 
       visit subscriptions_path
       click_on 'Unsubscribe from newsletter'
 
+      expect(mailing_list).to have_received(:unsubscribe)
       expect(page).to have_text('You have unsubscribed from codebar\'s newsletter')
     end
 
@@ -92,20 +98,20 @@
 
       login member
 
-      mailing_list = double(:mailing_list)
-      expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
-      expect(mailing_list).to receive(:subscribe)
+      mailing_list = instance_double(Services::MailingList)
+      allow(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
+      allow(mailing_list).to receive(:subscribe)
+      allow(mailing_list).to receive(:unsubscribe)
 
       visit subscriptions_path
       click_on 'Subscribe to newsletter'
 
+      expect(mailing_list).to have_received(:subscribe)
       expect(page).to have_text('You have subscribed to codebar\'s newsletter')
 
-      expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(mailing_list)
-      expect(mailing_list).to receive(:unsubscribe)
-
       click_on 'Unsubscribe from newsletter'
 
+      expect(mailing_list).to have_received(:unsubscribe)
       expect(page).to have_text('You have unsubscribed from codebar\'s newsletter')
     end
   end
diff --git a/spec/helpers/email_header_helper_spec.rb b/spec/helpers/email_header_helper_spec.rb
index c9f07e07e..4fd135408 100644
--- a/spec/helpers/email_header_helper_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/helpers/email_header_helper_spec.rb
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     let(:member) { Struct.new(:id, :email).new(1, 'test@example.com') }
 
     it 'calls mail with correct arguments for valid email' do
-      expect(helper).to receive(:mail).with(
+      allow(helper).to receive(:mail).with(
         from: 'codebar.io <meetings@codebar.io>',
         to: 'test@example.com',
         cc: '',
@@ -15,14 +15,24 @@
         subject: 'Test Subject'
       )
       helper.mail_to_member(member, 'Test Subject')
+
+      expect(helper).to have_received(:mail).with(
+        from: 'codebar.io <meetings@codebar.io>',
+        to: 'test@example.com',
+        cc: '',
+        bcc: '',
+        subject: 'Test Subject'
+      )
     end
 
     it 'forwards the block to mail' do
-      expect(helper).to receive(:mail) do |**kwargs, &block|
+      allow(helper).to receive(:mail) do |**kwargs, &block|
         expect(kwargs).to include(from: 'codebar.io <meetings@codebar.io>')
         expect(block).to be_a(Proc)
       end
       helper.mail_to_member(member, 'Test Subject', &:html)
+
+      expect(helper).to have_received(:mail)
     end
 
     it 'returns SkippedEmail for nil email' do
@@ -57,20 +67,28 @@
 
     it 'logs the skip' do
       member = Struct.new(:id, :email).new(1, 'bad-email')
-      expect(Rails.logger).to receive(:info).with(/Skipped email to member 1/)
+      allow(Rails.logger).to receive(:info).with(/Skipped email to member 1/)
       helper.mail_to_member(member, 'Test Subject')
+
+      expect(Rails.logger).to have_received(:info).with(/Skipped email to member 1/)
     end
 
     it 'includes custom from email when provided' do
-      expect(helper).to receive(:mail).with(hash_including(from: 'codebar.io <custom@codebar.io>'))
+      allow(helper).to receive(:mail).with(hash_including(from: 'codebar.io <custom@codebar.io>'))
       helper.mail_to_member(member, 'Test Subject', 'custom@codebar.io')
+
+      expect(helper).to have_received(:mail).with(hash_including(from: 'codebar.io <custom@codebar.io>'))
     end
 
     it 'includes cc and bcc when provided' do
-      expect(helper).to receive(:mail).with(
+      allow(helper).to receive(:mail).with(
         hash_including(cc: 'cc@codebar.io', bcc: 'bcc@codebar.io')
       )
       helper.mail_to_member(member, 'Test Subject', 'from@codebar.io', 'cc@codebar.io', 'bcc@codebar.io')
+
+      expect(helper).to have_received(:mail).with(
+        hash_including(cc: 'cc@codebar.io', bcc: 'bcc@codebar.io')
+      )
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb b/spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb
index 894dfc05e..8f9c95758 100644
--- a/spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/services/mailing_list_spec.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 RSpec.describe Services::MailingList do
   let(:mailing_list) { described_class.new(:list_id) }
-  let(:client) { double(:flodesk) }
+  let(:client) { instance_double(Flodesk::Client) }
 
   before do
     allow(client).to receive(:disabled?).and_return(false)
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
   describe '#subscribe' do
     it 'adds a user to the mailing list' do
-      expect(client).to receive(:subscribe)
+      allow(client).to receive(:subscribe)
         .with({
                 email: :email,
                 first_name: :first_name,
@@ -25,24 +25,40 @@
               })
 
       mailing_list.subscribe(:email, :first_name, :last_name)
+
+      expect(client).to have_received(:subscribe)
+        .with({
+                email: :email,
+                first_name: :first_name,
+                last_name: :last_name,
+                segment_ids: [:list_id]
+              })
     end
   end
 
   describe '#unsubscribe' do
     it 'removes a user from the mailing list' do
-      expect(client).to receive(:unsubscribe)
+      allow(client).to receive(:unsubscribe)
         .with({ email: :email, segment_ids: [:list_id] })
 
       mailing_list.unsubscribe(:email)
+
+      expect(client).to have_received(:unsubscribe)
+        .with({ email: :email, segment_ids: [:list_id] })
     end
   end
 
   describe '#subscribed?' do
     it 'checks if a user is already subscribed to the mailing list' do
-      expect(client).to receive(:subscribed?)
+      allow(client).to receive(:subscribed?)
         .with({ email: :email, segment_ids: [:list_id] })
         .and_return(true)
-      expect(mailing_list.subscribed?(:email)).to be true
+
+      result = mailing_list.subscribed?(:email)
+
+      expect(client).to have_received(:subscribed?)
+        .with({ email: :email, segment_ids: [:list_id] })
+      expect(result).to be true
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/lib/tasks/feedback_rake_spec.rb b/spec/lib/tasks/feedback_rake_spec.rb
index f2b768bf8..93df21d1b 100644
--- a/spec/lib/tasks/feedback_rake_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/tasks/feedback_rake_spec.rb
@@ -17,14 +17,17 @@
         student = Fabricate(:member)
         Fabricate(:attending_workshop_invitation, role: 'Student', member: student, workshop: workshop)
 
-        expect(Workshop).to receive(:completed_since_yesterday).and_return([workshop])
-
         mailer = double(deliver_now: true)
-        expect(FeedbackRequestMailer).to receive(:request_feedback)
+        allow(Workshop).to receive(:completed_since_yesterday).and_return([workshop])
+        allow(FeedbackRequestMailer).to receive(:request_feedback)
           .with(workshop, student, an_instance_of(FeedbackRequest))
           .and_return(mailer)
 
         expect { task.execute }.to change(FeedbackRequest, :count).by(1)
+
+        expect(Workshop).to have_received(:completed_since_yesterday)
+        expect(FeedbackRequestMailer).to have_received(:request_feedback)
+          .with(workshop, student, an_instance_of(FeedbackRequest))
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/spec/lib/tasks/mailing_list_rake_spec.rb b/spec/lib/tasks/mailing_list_rake_spec.rb
index bd793ee91..367068c5c 100644
--- a/spec/lib/tasks/mailing_list_rake_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/tasks/mailing_list_rake_spec.rb
@@ -18,21 +18,29 @@
     subscribed[0...3].each { |member| Fabricate(:subscription, member: member) }
 
     newslettter = Services::MailingList.new(:id)
-    expect(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(newslettter)
+    allow(Services::MailingList).to receive(:new).and_return(newslettter)
 
     subscribed.each do |subscriber|
-      expect(newslettter).to receive(:subscribe).with(subscriber.email,
-                                                      subscriber.name,
-                                                      subscriber.surname).once
+      allow(newslettter).to receive(:subscribe).with(subscriber.email,
+                                                     subscriber.name,
+                                                     subscriber.surname).once
     end
 
-    non_subscribed.each do |inactive_subscriber|
-      expect(newslettter).not_to receive(:subscribe).with(inactive_subscriber.email,
-                                                          inactive_subscriber.name,
-                                                          inactive_subscriber.surname)
+    task.execute
+
+    expect(Services::MailingList).to have_received(:new)
+
+    subscribed.each do |subscriber|
+      expect(newslettter).to have_received(:subscribe).with(subscriber.email,
+                                                            subscriber.name,
+                                                            subscriber.surname).once
     end
 
-    task.execute
+    non_subscribed.each do |inactive_subscriber|
+      expect(newslettter).not_to have_received(:subscribe).with(inactive_subscriber.email,
+                                                                inactive_subscriber.name,
+                                                                inactive_subscriber.surname)
+    end
 
     subscribed.each { |subscriber| expect(subscriber.reload.opt_in_newsletter_at).not_to be_nil }
   end
diff --git a/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_meeting_rake_spec.rb b/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_meeting_rake_spec.rb
index f890603de..be6974639 100644
--- a/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_meeting_rake_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_meeting_rake_spec.rb
@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@
       past_meeting = Fabricate(:meeting, date_and_time: 1.day.ago)
 
       invitation_manager = InvitationManager.new
-      expect(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(invitation_manager)
-      expect(invitation_manager).to receive(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(meeting)
-      expect(invitation_manager).not_to receive(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(past_meeting)
-      expect(invitation_manager).not_to receive(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(just_now_meeting)
+      allow(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(invitation_manager)
+      allow(invitation_manager).to receive(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(meeting)
 
       task.execute
+
+      expect(InvitationManager).to have_received(:new)
+      expect(invitation_manager).to have_received(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(meeting)
+      expect(invitation_manager).not_to have_received(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(past_meeting)
+      expect(invitation_manager).not_to have_received(:send_monthly_attendance_reminder_emails).with(just_now_meeting)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_workshop_rake_spec.rb b/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_workshop_rake_spec.rb
index 730acb546..c989cbfcb 100644
--- a/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_workshop_rake_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/lib/tasks/reminders_workshop_rake_spec.rb
@@ -15,13 +15,15 @@
       workshop = Fabricate(:workshop, date_and_time: 29.hours.from_now)
 
       invitation_manager = InvitationManager.new
-      expect(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(invitation_manager)
-      expect(invitation_manager).to receive(:send_workshop_attendance_reminders).with(workshop)
-
-      expect(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(invitation_manager)
-      expect(invitation_manager).to receive(:send_workshop_waiting_list_reminders).with(workshop)
+      allow(InvitationManager).to receive(:new).and_return(invitation_manager)
+      allow(invitation_manager).to receive(:send_workshop_attendance_reminders).with(workshop)
+      allow(invitation_manager).to receive(:send_workshop_waiting_list_reminders).with(workshop)
 
       task.execute
+
+      expect(InvitationManager).to have_received(:new).twice
+      expect(invitation_manager).to have_received(:send_workshop_attendance_reminders).with(workshop)
+      expect(invitation_manager).to have_received(:send_workshop_waiting_list_reminders).with(workshop)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/policies/application_policy_spec.rb b/spec/policies/application_policy_spec.rb
index 281d23292..91d14897a 100644
--- a/spec/policies/application_policy_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/policies/application_policy_spec.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 RSpec.describe ApplicationPolicy do
   subject(:policy) { described_class.new(user, record) }
 
-  let(:record) { double('record') }
+  let(:record) { instance_double(ApplicationRecord) }
   let(:admin) { Fabricate(:member).tap { |m| m.add_role(:admin) } }
   let(:regular_member) { Fabricate(:member) }
 
diff --git a/spec/presenters/event_presenter_spec.rb b/spec/presenters/event_presenter_spec.rb
index ffd129f19..0eab8265b 100644
--- a/spec/presenters/event_presenter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/presenters/event_presenter_spec.rb
@@ -48,18 +48,16 @@
 
   describe '#time' do
     it 'when no end_time is set it only returns the start_time' do
-      event = double(:event, date_and_time: Time.zone.now,
-                             start_time: Time.zone.now,
-                             ends_at: nil)
+      event = instance_double(Event, date_and_time: Time.zone.now,
+                                     ends_at: nil)
       presenter = described_class.new(event)
 
       expect(presenter.time).to eq(I18n.l(event.date_and_time, format: :time_with_zone))
     end
 
     it 'when a start and an end_time are set it returns a formatted start and end_time' do
-      event = double(:event, date_and_time: Time.zone.now,
-                             start_time: Time.zone.now,
-                             ends_at: 1.hour.from_now)
+      event = instance_double(Event, date_and_time: Time.zone.now,
+                                     ends_at: 1.hour.from_now)
       presenter = described_class.new(event)
 
       expect(presenter.time)
diff --git a/spec/presenters/meeting_presenter_spec.rb b/spec/presenters/meeting_presenter_spec.rb
index 19c663bc3..fdb14ed22 100644
--- a/spec/presenters/meeting_presenter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/presenters/meeting_presenter_spec.rb
@@ -23,9 +23,11 @@
   end
 
   it '#time' do
-    expect(meeting).to receive(:date_and_time).and_return(Time.zone.now)
+    allow(meeting).to receive(:date_and_time).and_return(Time.zone.now)
 
     event.time
+
+    expect(meeting).to have_received(:date_and_time)
   end
 
   it '#to_s' do
diff --git a/spec/presenters/member_presenter_spec.rb b/spec/presenters/member_presenter_spec.rb
index 4b572c070..4a34eb2ff 100644
--- a/spec/presenters/member_presenter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/presenters/member_presenter_spec.rb
@@ -3,15 +3,19 @@
   let(:member_presenter) { described_class.new(member) }
 
   it '#organiser?' do
-    expect(member).to receive(:has_role?).with(:organiser, :any)
+    allow(member).to receive(:has_role?).with(:organiser, :any)
 
     member_presenter.organiser?
+
+    expect(member).to have_received(:has_role?).with(:organiser, :any)
   end
 
   it '#subscribed_to_newsletter?' do
-    expect(member).to receive(:opt_in_newsletter_at)
+    allow(member).to receive(:opt_in_newsletter_at)
 
     member_presenter.subscribed_to_newsletter?
+
+    expect(member).to have_received(:opt_in_newsletter_at)
   end
 
   describe '#pairing_details_array' do
@@ -95,11 +99,13 @@
     it 'memoizes private methods across calls' do
       member.add_role(:admin)
 
-      expect(member).to receive(:has_role?).with(:admin).once.and_call_original
+      allow(member).to receive(:has_role?).with(:admin).once.and_call_original
       # First call loads and caches
       member_presenter.event_organiser?(workshop)
       # Second call uses cache
       member_presenter.event_organiser?(workshop)
+
+      expect(member).to have_received(:has_role?).with(:admin).once
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/presenters/sponsor_presenter_spec.rb b/spec/presenters/sponsor_presenter_spec.rb
index ffb7d212a..c5eddcaae 100644
--- a/spec/presenters/sponsor_presenter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/presenters/sponsor_presenter_spec.rb
@@ -6,25 +6,31 @@
 
   describe '#decorate_collection' do
     it 'decorates a collection of Sponsors' do
-      expect(described_class).to receive(:new).with(sponsor)
+      allow(described_class).to receive(:new).with(sponsor)
 
       described_class.decorate_collection([sponsor])
+
+      expect(described_class).to have_received(:new).with(sponsor)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#address' do
     it 'decorates the sponsor address' do
-      expect(AddressPresenter).to receive(:new).with(sponsor.address)
+      allow(AddressPresenter).to receive(:new).with(sponsor.address)
 
       sponsor_presenter.address
+
+      expect(AddressPresenter).to have_received(:new).with(sponsor.address)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#contacts' do
     it 'decorates the sponsor contacts' do
-      expect(ContactPresenter).to receive(:decorate_collection).with(contacts)
+      allow(ContactPresenter).to receive(:decorate_collection).with(contacts)
 
       sponsor_presenter.contacts
+
+      expect(ContactPresenter).to have_received(:decorate_collection).with(contacts)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/spec/presenters/virtual_workshop_presenter_spec.rb b/spec/presenters/virtual_workshop_presenter_spec.rb
index a25d88e88..b2cfe15dc 100644
--- a/spec/presenters/virtual_workshop_presenter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/presenters/virtual_workshop_presenter_spec.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 RSpec.describe VirtualWorkshopPresenter do
   def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
-    double(:workshop, coach_spaces: 3, student_spaces: 5, chapter: chapter,
-                      attending_coaches: double(:attending_coaches, length: attending_coaches),
-                      attending_students: double(:attending_students, length: attending_students))
+    instance_double(Workshop, coach_spaces: 3, student_spaces: 5, chapter: chapter,
+                              attending_coaches: instance_double(Array, length: attending_coaches),
+                              attending_students: instance_double(Array, length: attending_students))
   end
 
   let(:chapter) { Fabricate(:chapter) }
@@ -17,17 +17,21 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
 
   describe '#coach_spaces' do
     it 'returns the workshop\'s coach_spaces' do
-      expect(workshop).to receive(:coach_spaces)
+      allow(workshop).to receive(:coach_spaces)
 
       presenter.coach_spaces
+
+      expect(workshop).to have_received(:coach_spaces)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#student_spaces' do
     it 'returns the workshop\'s student spaces' do
-      expect(workshop).to receive(:student_spaces)
+      allow(workshop).to receive(:student_spaces)
 
       presenter.student_spaces
+
+      expect(workshop).to have_received(:student_spaces)
     end
   end
 
@@ -63,8 +67,8 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
 
   describe '#send_attending_email' do
     it 'enqueues an attending email to the invitation user' do
-      invitation = double(:invitation, member: double(:member))
-      mailer_double = double(:mailer)
+      invitation = instance_double(WorkshopInvitation, member: instance_double(Member))
+      mailer_double = instance_double(ActionMailer::MessageDelivery)
       allow(VirtualWorkshopInvitationMailer)
         .to receive(:attending)
         .with(workshop, invitation.member, invitation, false)
@@ -77,8 +81,8 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
     end
 
     it 'enqueues a waiting list email to the invitation user' do
-      invitation = double(:invitation, member: double(:member))
-      mailer_double = double(:mailer)
+      invitation = instance_double(WorkshopInvitation, member: instance_double(Member))
+      mailer_double = instance_double(ActionMailer::MessageDelivery)
       allow(VirtualWorkshopInvitationMailer)
         .to receive(:attending)
         .with(workshop, invitation.member, invitation, true)
diff --git a/spec/presenters/workshop_presenter_spec.rb b/spec/presenters/workshop_presenter_spec.rb
index 60ce7f8ee..94366dcf2 100644
--- a/spec/presenters/workshop_presenter_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/presenters/workshop_presenter_spec.rb
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
 RSpec.describe WorkshopPresenter do
   let(:chapter) { Fabricate(:chapter) }
   let(:host) { Fabricate(:sponsor, seats: 5, number_of_coaches: 15) }
-  let(:workshop) { double(:workshop, host: host, chapter: chapter) }
+  let(:workshop) { instance_double(Workshop, host: host, chapter: chapter) }
   let(:presenter) { described_class.new(workshop) }
 
   def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
-    double(:workshop, host: host, chapter: chapter,
-                      attending_coaches: double(:attending_coaches, count: attending_coaches),
-                      attending_students: double(:attending_students, count: attending_students))
+    instance_double(Workshop, host: host, chapter: chapter,
+                              attending_coaches: instance_double(Array, count: attending_coaches),
+                              attending_students: instance_double(Array, count: attending_students))
   end
 
   describe '#decorate' do
     it 'returns a workshop decorated with the WorkshopPresenter' do
-      workshop = double(:workshop, virtual?: false)
+      workshop = instance_double(Workshop, virtual?: false)
       presenter = described_class.decorate(workshop)
       expect(presenter).to be_a(described_class)
     end
 
     it 'returns a virtual workshop decorated with the VirtualWorkshopPresenter' do
-      workshop = double(:workshop, virtual?: true)
+      workshop = instance_double(Workshop, virtual?: true)
       presenter = described_class.decorate(workshop)
       expect(presenter).to be_a(VirtualWorkshopPresenter)
     end
@@ -53,9 +53,11 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
   end
 
   it '#venue' do
-    expect(workshop).to receive(:host)
+    allow(workshop).to receive(:host)
 
     presenter.venue
+
+    expect(workshop).to have_received(:host)
   end
 
   describe '#organisers' do
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
   context 'with time formatting' do
     it '#start_time and #end_time' do
       travel_to(Time.current) do
-        workshop = double(:workshop, date_and_time: Time.current, ends_at: 1.hour.from_now)
+        workshop = instance_double(Workshop, date_and_time: Time.current, ends_at: 1.hour.from_now)
         presenter = described_class.new(workshop)
 
         expect(presenter.start_time).to eq(I18n.l(workshop.date_and_time, format: :time))
@@ -95,10 +97,10 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
     let(:invitations) do
       [Fabricate.times(2, :student_workshop_invitation), Fabricate.times(2, :coach_workshop_invitation)].flatten
     end
-    let(:workshop) { double(:workshop, attendances: invitations) }
+    let(:workshop) { instance_double(Workshop, attendances: invitations) }
 
     it 'correctly returns the formatted list of workshop participants' do
-      expect(presenter).to receive(:organisers).at_least(:once).and_return [invitations.last.member]
+      allow(presenter).to receive(:organisers).and_return [invitations.last.member]
       expect(presenter.attendees_csv).not_to be_blank
 
       invitations.each do |invitation|
@@ -108,11 +110,13 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
       expect(presenter.attendees_csv).to include('ORGANISER')
       expect(presenter.attendees_csv).to include('STUDENT')
       expect(presenter.attendees_csv).to include('COACH')
+
+      expect(presenter).to have_received(:organisers).at_least(:once)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#pairing_csv' do
-    let(:workshop) { double(:workshop, attendances: [invitation]) }
+    let(:workshop) { instance_double(Workshop, attendances: [invitation]) }
     let(:student) { Fabricate(:student) }
     let(:invitation) { Fabricate(:workshop_invitation, member: student, note: 'Note') }
 
@@ -142,27 +146,31 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
 
   describe '#coach_spaces' do
     it 'returns the available coach_spots' do
-      expect(host).to receive(:coach_spots)
+      allow(host).to receive(:coach_spots)
 
       presenter.coach_spaces
+
+      expect(host).to have_received(:coach_spots)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#student_spaces' do
     it 'returns the available coach_spots' do
-      expect(host).to receive(:seats)
+      allow(host).to receive(:seats)
 
       presenter.student_spaces
+
+      expect(host).to have_received(:seats)
     end
   end
 
   describe '#spaces?' do
-    let(:sponsor) { double(:sponsor, coach_spots: 3, seats: 5, chapter: chapter) }
+    let(:sponsor) { instance_double(Sponsor, coach_spots: 3, seats: 5) }
 
     def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
-      double(:workshop, coach_spaces: 0, student_spaces: 0, host: sponsor,
-                        attending_coaches: double(:attending_coaches, length: attending_coaches),
-                        attending_students: double(:attending_students, length: attending_students))
+      instance_double(Workshop, coach_spaces: 0, student_spaces: 0, host: sponsor,
+                                attending_coaches: instance_double(Array, length: attending_coaches),
+                                attending_students: instance_double(Array, length: attending_students))
     end
 
     context 'when the host has more available spots' do
@@ -184,8 +192,8 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
 
   describe '#send_attending_email' do
     it 'enqueues an attending email to the invitation user' do
-      invitation = double(:invitation, member: double(:member))
-      mailer_double = double(:mailer)
+      invitation = instance_double(WorkshopInvitation, member: instance_double(Member))
+      mailer_double = instance_double(ActionMailer::MessageDelivery)
       allow(WorkshopInvitationMailer)
         .to receive(:attending)
         .with(workshop, invitation.member, invitation, false)
@@ -198,8 +206,8 @@ def double_workshop(attending_coaches:, attending_students:)
     end
 
     it 'enqueues a waiting list email to the invitation user' do
-      invitation = double(:invitation, member: double(:member))
-      mailer_double = double(:mailer)
+      invitation = instance_double(WorkshopInvitation, member: instance_double(Member))
+      mailer_double = instance_double(ActionMailer::MessageDelivery)
       allow(WorkshopInvitationMailer)
         .to receive(:attending)
         .with(workshop, invitation.member, invitation, true)
diff --git a/spec/services/invitation_manager_spec.rb b/spec/services/invitation_manager_spec.rb
index 3cda1c746..418acc953 100644
--- a/spec/services/invitation_manager_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/services/invitation_manager_spec.rb
@@ -29,42 +29,58 @@
     it 'can email only students' do
       event = Fabricate(:event, chapters: [chapter], audience: 'Students')
       students.each do |student|
-        expect(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
+        allow(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
       end
 
-      coaches.each do |student|
-        expect(Invitation).not_to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
+      manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
+
+      students.each do |student|
+        expect(Invitation).to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student')
       end
 
-      manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
+      coaches.each do |student|
+        expect(Invitation).not_to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach')
+      end
     end
 
     it 'can email only coaches' do
       event = Fabricate(:event, chapters: [chapter], audience: 'Coaches')
 
+      coaches.each do |student|
+        allow(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
+      end
+
+      manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
+
       students.each do |student|
-        expect(Invitation).not_to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
+        expect(Invitation).not_to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student')
       end
 
       coaches.each do |student|
-        expect(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
+        expect(Invitation).to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach')
       end
-
-      manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
     end
 
     it 'can email both students and coaches' do
       event = Fabricate(:event, chapters: [chapter])
 
       students.each do |student|
-        expect(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
+        allow(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
       end
 
       coaches.each do |student|
-        expect(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
+        allow(Invitation).to receive(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
       end
 
       manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
+
+      students.each do |student|
+        expect(Invitation).to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Student')
+      end
+
+      coaches.each do |student|
+        expect(Invitation).to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: student, role: 'Coach')
+      end
     end
 
     it 'emails only students that accepted toc' do
@@ -73,14 +89,8 @@
       first_student, *other_students = students
       first_student.update(accepted_toc_at: nil)
 
-      expect(Invitation).not_to(
-        receive(:new)
-        .with(event: event, member: first_student, role: 'Student')
-        .and_call_original
-      )
-
       other_students.each do |other_student|
-        expect(Invitation).to(
+        allow(Invitation).to(
           receive(:new)
           .with(event: event, member: other_student, role: 'Student')
           .and_call_original
@@ -88,6 +98,12 @@
       end
 
       manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
+
+      expect(Invitation).not_to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: first_student, role: 'Student')
+
+      other_students.each do |other_student|
+        expect(Invitation).to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: other_student, role: 'Student')
+      end
     end
 
     it 'emails only coaches that accepted toc' do
@@ -96,14 +112,8 @@
       first_coach, *other_coaches = coaches
       first_coach.update(accepted_toc_at: nil)
 
-      expect(Invitation).not_to(
-        receive(:new)
-        .with(event: event, member: first_coach, role: 'Coach')
-        .and_call_original
-      )
-
       other_coaches.each do |other_coach|
-        expect(Invitation).to(
+        allow(Invitation).to(
           receive(:new)
           .with(event: event, member: other_coach, role: 'Coach')
           .and_call_original
@@ -111,6 +121,12 @@
       end
 
       manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter)
+
+      expect(Invitation).not_to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: first_coach, role: 'Coach')
+
+      other_coaches.each do |other_coach|
+        expect(Invitation).to have_received(:new).with(event: event, member: other_coach, role: 'Coach')
+      end
     end
 
     it 'sends invitation emails for all eligible members' do
@@ -125,13 +141,15 @@
       event = Fabricate(:event, chapters: [chapter])
       allow(event).to receive(:invitable?).and_raise(StandardError.new('DB connection error'))
 
-      expect(Rollbar).to receive(:error).with(
+      allow(Rollbar).to receive(:error)
+
+      expect { manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter) }.to raise_error(StandardError, 'DB connection error')
+
+      expect(Rollbar).to have_received(:error).with(
         an_instance_of(StandardError),
         event_id: event.id,
         chapter_id: chapter.id
       )
-
-      expect { manager.send_event_emails(event, chapter) }.to raise_error(StandardError, 'DB connection error')
     end
   end
 
@@ -309,15 +327,17 @@
       allow(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by)
         .and_raise(StandardError.new('database error'))
 
-      expect(Rails.logger).to receive(:error) do |message|
-        expect(message).to include("member_id=#{member.id}")
-        expect(message).to include("workshop_id=#{workshop.id}")
-        expect(message).to include('role=Student')
-        expect(message).not_to include(member.email)
-        expect(message).not_to match(/#{Regexp.escape(member.name)}/)
-      end
+      logged_message = nil
+      allow(Rails.logger).to receive(:error) { |message| logged_message = message }
 
       manager.send(:create_invitation, workshop, member, 'Student')
+
+      expect(Rails.logger).to have_received(:error)
+      expect(logged_message).to include("member_id=#{member.id}")
+      expect(logged_message).to include("workshop_id=#{workshop.id}")
+      expect(logged_message).to include('role=Student')
+      expect(logged_message).not_to include(member.email)
+      expect(logged_message).not_to match(/#{Regexp.escape(member.name)}/)
     end
 
     it 'continues processing when invitation creation fails for one member' do
diff --git a/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_an_invitation.rb b/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_an_invitation.rb
index 464d4dccb..d3ae945fb 100644
--- a/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_an_invitation.rb
+++ b/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_an_invitation.rb
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@
 
   describe 'cache invalidation' do
     it 'clears member cache when attending changes' do
-      expect(invitation.member).to receive(:clear_attending_event_ids_cache!)
+      allow(invitation.member).to receive(:clear_attending_event_ids_cache!)
       invitation.update!(attending: !invitation.attending)
+
+      expect(invitation.member).to have_received(:clear_attending_event_ids_cache!)
     end
   end
 
diff --git a/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_sending_workshop_emails.rb b/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_sending_workshop_emails.rb
index 7cd6a6a0e..24e319a56 100644
--- a/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_sending_workshop_emails.rb
+++ b/spec/support/shared_examples/behaves_like_sending_workshop_emails.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
     Fabricate(:students, chapter: chapter, members: students)
 
     students.each do |student|
-      expect(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
+      allow(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: student, role: 'Student').and_call_original
     end
 
     expect do
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
     end.to change { ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.count }.by(students.count)
                                                          .and change { WorkshopInvitation.where(workshop: workshop, role: 'Student').count }.by(students.count)
 
+    students.each do |student|
+      expect(WorkshopInvitation).to have_received(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: student, role: 'Student')
+    end
+
     # Verify emails were sent to the right recipients
     emails = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last(students.count)
     student_emails = students.map(&:email)
@@ -21,7 +25,7 @@
     Fabricate(:coaches, chapter: chapter, members: coaches)
 
     coaches.each do |coach|
-      expect(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: coach, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
+      allow(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: coach, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
     end
 
     expect do
@@ -29,6 +33,10 @@
     end.to change { ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.count }.by(coaches.count)
                                                          .and change { WorkshopInvitation.where(workshop: workshop, role: 'Coach').count }.by(coaches.count)
 
+    coaches.each do |coach|
+      expect(WorkshopInvitation).to have_received(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: coach, role: 'Coach')
+    end
+
     # Verify emails were sent to the right recipients
     emails = ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.last(coaches.count)
     coach_emails = coaches.map(&:email)
@@ -40,11 +48,15 @@
     Fabricate(:coaches, chapter: chapter, members: coaches + [banned_coach])
 
     coaches.each do |coach|
-      expect(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: coach, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
+      allow(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: coach, role: 'Coach').and_call_original
     end
-    expect(WorkshopInvitation).not_to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: banned_coach, role: 'Coach')
 
     manager.send(send_email, workshop, 'coaches')
+
+    coaches.each do |coach|
+      expect(WorkshopInvitation).to have_received(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: coach, role: 'Coach')
+    end
+    expect(WorkshopInvitation).not_to have_received(:find_or_initialize_by).with(workshop: workshop, member: banned_coach, role: 'Coach')
   end
 
   it 'sends emails when a WorkshopInvitation is created' do
@@ -59,11 +71,13 @@
   it 'does not send emails when invitation creation returns nil' do
     Fabricate(:students, chapter: chapter, members: students)
 
-    expect(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).and_return(nil).exactly(students.count)
+    allow(WorkshopInvitation).to receive(:find_or_initialize_by).and_return(nil).exactly(students.count)
 
     expect do
       manager.send(send_email, workshop, 'students')
     end.not_to(change { ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.count })
+
+    expect(WorkshopInvitation).to have_received(:find_or_initialize_by).exactly(students.count).times
   end
 
   it 'does not send duplicate emails when members are already invited' do