diff --git a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenIT0085TransitiveSystemScopeTest.java b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenIT0085TransitiveSystemScopeTest.java
index 6f7d0825b..33da96873 100644
--- a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenIT0085TransitiveSystemScopeTest.java
+++ b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenIT0085TransitiveSystemScopeTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import java.io.File;
 import java.util.Collection;
 
+import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.VerificationException;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.Verifier;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.util.ResourceExtractor;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -35,6 +36,10 @@ public MavenIT0085TransitiveSystemScopeTest() {
      * when they are resolved transitively via another (non-system)
      * dependency. Inherited scope should not apply in the case of
      * system-scoped dependencies, no matter where they are.
+     * <p>
+     * Since 3.10.0-rc-2, repository-resolved models restrict property
+     * interpolation by default, so the opt-out flag is required for the
+     * legacy behavior and the default behavior causes a build failure.
      *
      * @throws Exception in case of failure
      */
@@ -51,6 +56,44 @@ public void testit0085() throws Exception {
         verifier.addCliArgument("--settings");
         verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
         verifier.addCliArgument("validate");
+
+        String mavenVersion = getMavenVersion() != null ? getMavenVersion().toString() : "";
+        if (mavenVersion.equals("3.10.0-rc-1") || matchesVersionRange("(,3.10.0)")) {
+            // Before restricted interpolation: full interpolation works without opt-out
+            verifier.execute();
+            verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+        } else {
+            // With restricted interpolation: build fails without opt-out
+            try {
+                verifier.execute();
+                verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+                fail("Build should not succeed without -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
+            } catch (VerificationException e) {
+                verifier.verifyTextInLog("must specify an absolute path but is ${test.home}/system.jar");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify that system-scoped dependencies work correctly when the opt-out
+     * property {@code -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true} is set.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception in case of failure
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testit0085WithFullInterpolation() throws Exception {
+        File testDir = ResourceExtractor.simpleExtractResources(getClass(), "/it0085");
+
+        Verifier verifier = newVerifier(testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.setAutoclean(false);
+        verifier.deleteDirectory("target");
+        verifier.deleteArtifacts("org.apache.maven.its.it0085");
+        verifier.getSystemProperties().setProperty("test.home", testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.filterFile("settings-template.xml", "settings.xml", "UTF-8");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("--settings");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("validate");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("-Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
         verifier.execute();
         verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
 
diff --git a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng3586SystemScopePluginDependencyTest.java b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng3586SystemScopePluginDependencyTest.java
index f20a99c0b..463f876f5 100644
--- a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng3586SystemScopePluginDependencyTest.java
+++ b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng3586SystemScopePluginDependencyTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import java.io.File;
 import java.util.Properties;
 
+import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.VerificationException;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.Verifier;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.util.ResourceExtractor;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -40,6 +41,10 @@ public MavenITmng3586SystemScopePluginDependencyTest() {
     /**
      * Test that plugin dependencies with scope system are part of the plugin class realm. This test checks
      * dependencies that are declared in the plugin POM.
+     * <p>
+     * Since 3.10.0-rc-2, repository-resolved models restrict property
+     * interpolation by default, so the opt-out flag is required for the
+     * legacy behavior and the default behavior causes a build failure.
      *
      * @throws Exception in case of failure
      */
@@ -56,6 +61,48 @@ public void testitFromPlugin() throws Exception {
         verifier.addCliArgument("--settings");
         verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
         verifier.addCliArgument("validate");
+
+        String mavenVersion = getMavenVersion() != null ? getMavenVersion().toString() : "";
+        if (mavenVersion.equals("3.10.0-rc-1") || matchesVersionRange("(,3.10.0)")) {
+            // Before restricted interpolation: full interpolation works without opt-out
+            verifier.execute();
+            verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+
+            Properties props = verifier.loadProperties("target/it.properties");
+            assertEquals("PASSED", props.getProperty("test"));
+        } else {
+            // With restricted interpolation: build fails without opt-out
+            try {
+                verifier.execute();
+                verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+                fail("Build should not succeed without -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
+            } catch (VerificationException e) {
+                verifier.verifyTextInLog("must specify an absolute path but is ${test.home}/tools.jar");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that plugin dependencies with scope system are part of the plugin class realm when the
+     * opt-out property {@code -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true} is set.
+     * This test checks dependencies that are declared in the plugin POM.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception in case of failure
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testitFromPluginWithFullInterpolation() throws Exception {
+        File testDir = ResourceExtractor.simpleExtractResources(getClass(), "/mng-3586/test-1");
+
+        Verifier verifier = newVerifier(testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.setAutoclean(false);
+        verifier.deleteDirectory("target");
+        verifier.deleteArtifacts("org.apache.maven.its.mng3586");
+        verifier.getSystemProperties().setProperty("test.home", testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.filterFile("settings-template.xml", "settings.xml", "UTF-8");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("--settings");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("validate");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("-Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
         verifier.execute();
         verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
 
diff --git a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4379TransitiveSystemPathInterpolatedWithEnvVarTest.java b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4379TransitiveSystemPathInterpolatedWithEnvVarTest.java
index 733eeb80b..2fc3ccc92 100644
--- a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4379TransitiveSystemPathInterpolatedWithEnvVarTest.java
+++ b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4379TransitiveSystemPathInterpolatedWithEnvVarTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import java.io.File;
 import java.util.List;
 
+import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.VerificationException;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.Verifier;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.util.ResourceExtractor;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -39,6 +40,10 @@ public MavenITmng4379TransitiveSystemPathInterpolatedWithEnvVarTest() {
     /**
      * Test that the path of a system-scope dependency gets interpolated using environment variables during
      * transitive dependency resolution.
+     * <p>
+     * Since 3.10.0-rc-2, repository-resolved models restrict property
+     * interpolation by default, so the opt-out flag is required for the
+     * legacy behavior and the default behavior causes a build failure.
      *
      * @throws Exception in case of failure
      */
@@ -55,6 +60,47 @@ public void testit() throws Exception {
         verifier.addCliArgument("-s");
         verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
         verifier.addCliArguments("validate");
+
+        String mavenVersion = getMavenVersion() != null ? getMavenVersion().toString() : "";
+        if (mavenVersion.equals("3.10.0-rc-1") || matchesVersionRange("(,3.10.0)")) {
+            // Before restricted interpolation: env var interpolation works without opt-out
+            verifier.execute();
+            verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+
+            List<String> classpath = verifier.loadLines("target/classpath.txt", "UTF-8");
+            assertTrue(classpath.toString(), classpath.contains("pom.xml"));
+        } else {
+            // With restricted interpolation: build fails without opt-out
+            try {
+                verifier.execute();
+                verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+                fail("Build should not succeed without -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
+            } catch (VerificationException e) {
+                verifier.verifyTextInLog("must specify an absolute path but is ${env.MNG_4379_HOME}/pom.xml");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that the path of a system-scope dependency gets interpolated using environment variables when
+     * the opt-out property {@code -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true} is set.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception in case of failure
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testitWithFullInterpolation() throws Exception {
+        File testDir = ResourceExtractor.simpleExtractResources(getClass(), "/mng-4379");
+
+        Verifier verifier = newVerifier(testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.setAutoclean(false);
+        verifier.deleteDirectory("target");
+        verifier.deleteArtifacts("org.apache.maven.its.mng4379");
+        verifier.filterFile("settings-template.xml", "settings.xml", "UTF-8");
+        verifier.setEnvironmentVariable("MNG_4379_HOME", testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.addCliArgument("-s");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
+        verifier.addCliArguments("validate");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("-Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
         verifier.execute();
         verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
 
diff --git a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4590ImportedPomUsesSystemAndUserPropertiesTest.java b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4590ImportedPomUsesSystemAndUserPropertiesTest.java
index 49419ed81..629b32843 100644
--- a/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4590ImportedPomUsesSystemAndUserPropertiesTest.java
+++ b/core-it-suite/src/test/java/org/apache/maven/it/MavenITmng4590ImportedPomUsesSystemAndUserPropertiesTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import java.io.File;
 import java.util.Properties;
 
+import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.VerificationException;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.Verifier;
 import org.apache.maven.shared.verifier.util.ResourceExtractor;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
@@ -38,6 +39,10 @@ public MavenITmng4590ImportedPomUsesSystemAndUserPropertiesTest() {
 
     /**
      * Verify that imported POMs are processed using the same system/user properties as the importing POM.
+     * <p>
+     * Since 3.10.0-rc-2, repository-resolved models restrict property
+     * interpolation by default, so the opt-out flag is required for the
+     * legacy behavior and the default behavior causes a build failure.
      *
      * @throws Exception in case of failure
      */
@@ -55,6 +60,52 @@ public void testit() throws Exception {
         verifier.addCliArgument("--settings");
         verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
         verifier.addCliArgument("validate");
+
+        String mavenVersion = getMavenVersion() != null ? getMavenVersion().toString() : "";
+        if (mavenVersion.equals("3.10.0-rc-1") || matchesVersionRange("(,3.10.0)")) {
+            // Before restricted interpolation: full interpolation works without opt-out
+            verifier.execute();
+            verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+
+            Properties props = verifier.loadProperties("target/pom.properties");
+            assertEquals("1", props.getProperty("project.dependencyManagement.dependencies"));
+            assertEquals("dep-a", props.getProperty("project.dependencyManagement.dependencies.0.artifactId"));
+            assertEquals(
+                    new File(testDir, "pom.xml").getAbsoluteFile(),
+                    new File(props.getProperty("project.dependencyManagement.dependencies.0.systemPath")));
+        } else {
+            // With restricted interpolation: build fails without opt-out
+            try {
+                verifier.execute();
+                verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();
+                fail("Build should not succeed without -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
+            } catch (VerificationException e) {
+                verifier.verifyTextInLog("must specify an absolute path but is ${test.dir}/${test.file}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify that imported POMs are processed using the same system/user properties as the importing POM
+     * when the opt-out property {@code -Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true} is set.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception in case of failure
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testitWithFullInterpolation() throws Exception {
+        File testDir = ResourceExtractor.simpleExtractResources(getClass(), "/mng-4590");
+
+        Verifier verifier = newVerifier(testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.setAutoclean(false);
+        verifier.deleteDirectory("target");
+        verifier.deleteArtifacts("org.apache.maven.its.mng4590");
+        verifier.filterFile("settings-template.xml", "settings.xml", "UTF-8");
+        verifier.setEnvironmentVariable("MAVEN_OPTS", "-Dtest.file=pom.xml");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("-Dtest.dir=" + testDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        verifier.addCliArgument("--settings");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("settings.xml");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("validate");
+        verifier.addCliArgument("-Dmaven.model.dependencyInterpolation.full=true");
         verifier.execute();
         verifier.verifyErrorFreeLog();